Best and recommended books for NTA UGC NET/SET June 2019 exam

Best books/Recommended books for NTA UGC NET/SET General paper one:

1. K.V.S Madhavan book:

This book, in its third edition, is designed and developed for students who aspire to build a career in academics and research field. It also prepares the candidates to qualify the National Eligibility Test (NET) and develop teaching and research Aptitude in real terms. Divided into ten units, this edition includes all important topics of teaching and research Aptitude and applications as per the latest syllabus (NET Paper I). A perfect blend of theory, practice questions, and discussions in the chapters are supported by updated facts, figures, diagrams and tables. This title specifically helps students to assess their Reasoning Ability, comprehension, divergent thinking and General Awareness. - over 2500+ Practice questions - Includes previous years’ papers with solutions from 2012–2018 - Topic-wise br>Chapter end questions for effective learning - presented in simple and crisp language with updated facts and data - supported by ample examples, diagrams and tables  Click the below the picture to buy the book online!

2. Arihant publication book:

This book Nta UGC NET/JRF/set teaching and research Aptitude General Paper 1" Has been revised as per the updated syllabus applicable from June 2019 onwards for aspirants who are opting for National Eligibility Test (NET) 2019 for the post of either Assistant Professor only or Junior Research Fellowship (JRF) and Assistant Professor both in Indian universities. It is divided into 10 units which are sub-divided into several sub-topics, covering complete syllabus in an easy-to-understand language supported by figures, diagrams etc. More than 3000 MCQs have been given as a whole. Units and chapters are incorporated with the last 9 years' Questions. It includes 5 Practice papers based on the latest pattern with online practice as well and provides solved papers of 2018 for knowing the trends of questions. Packed with well-structured and comprehensive study material, it is a must have book for anyone who wants to score well on General Paper 1 of nta UGC NET/JRF/set 2019. Click the below picture to buy the book online!

3. Trueman publications:

Best Selling Book for NTA UGC NET Exams. Covering new syllabus applicable from June, 2019 onward exams and new model papers ideal for SET (State Eligibility Tests) also. Click the below picture to buy the book online!

4. Oxford University press:

Oxford UGC NET Paper I covers exhaustively the latest 2019 syllabus of UGC NET Paper I for students who are aspiring to qualify the NET/JRF or set exams. The authors explain all the key concepts for the UGC NET exam in a crisp and clear manner. All chapters are accompanied with free lecture videos for students to understand difficult concepts. The ample pedagogy and practice material for the new syllabus bridges the gap between learning and assessment. Additionally, for students to practice in a real examination environment, 5 Free online full length mock tests are provided. Key features as per the latest 2019 UGC NET syllabus short cut tricks for students to solve difficult questions quickly Golden tips to quickly attempt questions 2004-2018 – Full solved papers (section wise as well as separate) important facts highlighted in separate columns Chapter overview provides what is the need to study and how many questions are expected from the Chapter lucid language with crisp explanation 05 Online full length mock tests through Oxford Areal Android/ iOS app lecture videos with chapters (on Oxford Areal app) online resources for students: lecture videos 5 Mock tests. Click the below picture to buy the book online!

5. Dr.Gaurav Jangra book:

The book NTA UGC NET Paper 1 - Theoretical Concepts and Practical Solutions (Second Edition - 2019) has been written afresh and covered whole syllabus of UGC NET Paper 1 (General Paper) i.e. teaching aptitude, research aptitude, reading comprehensions, communication, logical & mathematical reasoning, data interpretation, information and communication technology, people and environment and higher education system. The whole syllabus is divided into different units. Each unit covered all contents /topics in details in order to meet the requirement of UGC NET Syllabus. Several new Concepts and Multi Choice Questions were taken as per according to the latest examination pattern have been Incorporated as the latest practical problems and MCQs with the explanation at the end of each unit. Click the below picture to buy the book online! (Kindle edition only) 

Best books/books recommended for NTA UGC NET/SET Commerce:

1. Trueman publications:

Best selling book for nta UGC NET exams. Covering new syllabus applicable from June, 2019 onward exams and new model Papers ideal for set (state eligibility tests) also. Click the below picture to buy the book online!

2. BOOKHIVE INDIA publications:

These are the premium solved papers which contains solved papers of the subject from December 2014 till 2018. It has more than 2000 MCQS of the subject. MOREOVER EACH QUESTION PAPER IS SOLVED WITH MAXIMUM ACCURACY AND DETAILED EXPLANATION. 

Click the below picture to buy the book online!

 Happy learning! All the best! Thank you!

NTA UGC NET 2019 General paper one full free notes for logical reasoning

Unit VI - Logical Reasoning

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Anumana: (Inference)

Anumana is a sanskrit word which means 'inference' or 'knowledge after follows'. 'Anu' means 'after' and 'mana' means 'knowledge'. 

We may have knowledge about two things which is invariably related and on that basis, while seeing the one thing, we assume the presence of another thing. Thus, anumana is nothing but gaining knowledge based on logical conclusion. The knowledge so gained is called 'Inferential knowledge'. 

According to Nyaya philosophy, Anumana (Inference) is the second source of valid knowledge. For example, when observing smoke from a hill, we remember that 'There is no smoke without fire' and hence we come to the conclusion that there must be fire on the hill.

In Aristotelian syllogism, there are three terms involved in this inference:

1. Hetu/Linga - The knowledge of a reason which is associated with the subject. (Smoke)                                                                  
2. Paksa - The subject with reference to which something or the character is inferred. (Hill)                                                                               
3. Sadhya - The character which is intended to be inferred. (Fire)        

Along with the above three terms, there must be an invariable relationship between hetu and sadhya (smoke and fire) in the past, which is called 'Vyapti'. This process of inference is called 'Linga-paramarsa'. Hence Anumana is also defined as 'Linga-paramarsa'.

There are two types of vyapti:

1. Samavyapti - It is an equipollent concomitance relation between hetu and sadhya or vyapti in terms of equal extension. (Equipollent - equal in effect or power and concomitance - the fact of occurring together with another). Samavyapti  means there are two sides relation. For example, if you see a smoke, you can infer fire and by seeing a fire, you can infer smoke, i.e., we can infer either of the term from another.                                       
2. Asamavyapti - It is a non-equipollent concomitance relation between hetu and sadhya or vyapti in terms of unequal extension. It means there is only one side relation. For example, If I say 'men are mortal', this means if there are men, they can be mortal but I can't say that all mortal beings are men, i.e., we can infer one term from the other but not vice versa. We can have an inference from only one side and not from other side.

Vyapti is a sanskrit word which is a noun formed from the root 'vyap' which means 'to pervade'. Vyapti is an important factor for attaining the inferential knowledge.

The following five conditions must be fulfilled in order to make a correct or valid inference:

1. Paksa-sattva - The hetu/linga (smoke) must be present in the paksa (hill).                
2. Sapaksa-sattva - The hetu/linga (smoke) must be present in all other known objects similar to the paksa with sadhya (fire) in it.                                                                              
3. Vipaksa-vyavrtti - The hetu/linga (smoke) must not be present in any other objects which don't have sadhya (fire) in it.               
4. Abandhita- visayatva - The inferred assertion (sadhya) should not be such that it is invalidated by the testimony of the sastra or direct perception.                                  
5. Asat-pratipaksatva - The hetu/linga  (smoke) should not be such that by an inference in the opposite way could also be possible.

In Nyaya syllogism, there are five terms in this inference or anumana:

1. A proposition or hypothesis (pratijina) - The hill has fire.                                                    
2. A reason (hetu) - Because there is a smoke rising from the hill.                                               
3. An example (udaharana) - fire in a forest, fire in a stove, i.e., There is no smoke without fire.                                                           
4. A application or reaffirmation (upanaya) - The hill has smoke which is invariably related with fire.                                                   
5. A deduction or conclusion (nigamana) - Hence, there must be fire on the hill.

The Aristotelian syllogism is deductive and formal. The Nyaya syllogism is deductive-inductive and formal-material.

Classification or types of Anumana (Inference)

1. Svartha Anumana - It means resolving or doubt in one's own mind or convincing one's own self.                                                       
2. Parartha Anumana - If a person tries to explain the truth of the conclusion to others, it is called 'Parartha Anumana'. In other words, it is an inference done to convince others. This inference is done after convincing one's own self based on five syllogism or propositions of Nyaya philosophy.

In svartha anumana, either the first three propositions or last three propositions is necessary.

In parartha anumana, all the five propositions are necessary. 

This classification of inference is accepted by Advaitivi.

There is another classification which divides inference into three types: Purvavat, Sesavat, and Samanyato-drsta. This classification is given by Gautama and is accepted by the early writers of Nyaya philosophy.

1. Purvavat inference - It is the inference of the effect from the cause. For example, Inference of future rain (effect) from dark clouds in the sky (cause). This inference relates to the future from the past.                   
2. Sesavat inference - It is the inference of the cause from the effect. For example, inference of mother's cooking (cause) from seeing the dinner in the table (effect). This inference relates to the past from the present.                                                                   
3. Samanyato-drsta inference - It is the inference based on the relation of co-existence but not on casual relation. For example, from the fragrance of rose flower, one can infer the presence of the rose flower.

Best books for NTA NET 2019 exam

Based on vyapti, there are three types of inferences which is given by Aniruddha.

Kevalanvayi inference - This inference is arrived through the method of agreement in presence. 

For example,

'All the knowable things are nameable'.

Therefore the pot is nameable because it is knowable.                                                               

Kevala-vyatireki inference - This inference is arrived through the method of agreement in absence.

For example,

'What is not different from other elements or things has no smell, i.e., things that is not different from other things has no smell';

Hence, the earth is different from other things because it has smell.                                 
Anvaya-vyatireki inference - It is an inference by observing the vyapti (invariable relation) through the method of agreement both in presence and absence.

For example,

'Fiery things have smoke;

This hill has smoke;

Hence, this hill is fiery.

'No non-fiery things have smoke;

This hill has smoke;

Hence, this hill is fiery. 

According to sankhyas, anumana or inference is divided into two types, vita and avita.

1. Vita inference - It is based on positive or affirmative concomitance. It is subdivided into puravat inference and samanyato-drsta inference.                                                   
2. Avita inference - It is based on negative concomitance and is similar to sesavat inference. 

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NTA UGC NET 2019 General paper one full free notes for logical reasoning

Unit VI - Logical Reasoning

Pramanas:

The word "Pramana" is a sanskrit word means "means of knowledge" or "source of right knowledge" or "proof" or "means of acquiring the right knowledge". It is also referred as 'epistemology' in Indian philosophies. It is a key factor of study in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism.

Knowledge of anything or the existence of an object takes place in our mind. The mind becomes conscious about knowledge of various objects from which the right and valid knowledge can be obtained. Pramanas focuses on how the right knowledge can be acquired or how a person obtains accurate and valid knowledge of the world.

Pramana forms one part of triputi or trio concepts which are as follows:

• Pramata - the subject or the knowledge.
• Pramana - means of acquiring the knowledge.
• Prameya - the object or the knowable.

In Yoga sutras, Patanjali categorizes the activities of the mind into five vrittis (i.e., fluctuations of mind). The Pramana is considered as the 'first vritti'.

In Buddhism, Pramana is referred to as 'Pramanavada'.

The science and the study of pramanas is called 'Nyaya'.

According to Hindu philosophy, there are six categories of pramanas.

1. Pratyaksha - 'Perception' - acquiring the knowledge by means of sense.
2. Anumana - 'Inference' - acquiring the knowledge from logical conclusion.
3. Upamana - 'Comparison' - obtaining  the knowledge by analysing the similarities or means of having the knowledge of a object by analysing the similarities with another object which provides knowledge of the relationship between the two objects.
4. Shabda/Sabda - 'Verbal testimony' - obtaining knowledge from words ( spoken or written).
5. Arthapatti - 'Implication' - postulation or presumption of a fact to support a known or well-established fact.
6. Anupalabddhi - 'Non-apprehension' - non-existence of a thing is understood by its non-perception.

In Hinduism:

The Hindu philosophy accepts different kinds of pramanas. In general, 

• Advaita Vedanta School of Hinduism accepts all the six pramanas as a valid and reliable source of knowledge.
• Mimasa School of Hinduism also accepts all the six pramanas as a valid source of knowledge.
• Sankhya or Samkhya School of Hinduism accepts only three pramanas: Pratyaksha, Anumana and Shabda/Sabda.
• Nyaya School of Hinduism accepts four pramanas: Pratyaksha, Anumana, Upamana, and Shabda/Sabda.
• Carvaka School of Hinduism accepts only one pramana, i.e., Pratyaksha as a reliable source of knowledge.
• Vaisheshika School of Hinduism accepts two pramanas: Pratyaksha and Anumana.

In Buddhism:

In general, Buddhism accepts only two pramanas: Pratyaksha and Anumana. Buddhists accepts only their own texts called "Agama" as a valid source of religious knowledge. Two most important scholars of pramana in Buddhism are 'Dignaga' and 'Dharmakirti', author of 'Pramana-Varttika'.

The six pramanas are explained as follows :

Pratyaksha:

Pratyaksha means 'perception', i.e., obtaining knowledge by means of sense.
Traditionally, Pratyaksha can be obtained in four ways:

• Indriya Pratyaksha - Sense perception
• Manas Pratyaksha - Mental perception
• Svadana Pratyaksha - Self-consciousness
• Yoga Pratyaksha - Super-normal intuition

 There are two types of pratyaksha.

• Direct or External Perception (Pratyaksha): It is also called 'Anubhava' (experience). Direct pratyaksha refers to cognition of the sense objects by means of sense organs. In other words, knowledge takes place when the sense organs has direct contact with their sense objects. (ears - sound, skin - touch, nose - smell, tongue - taste, and eyes - form).
• Indirect or Internal or Remembered Perception (Pratyaksha): It is also called 'Smriti'. Remembered pratyaksha means cognition of knowledge based on memory. For example, After we have known how a white lily flower looks like, this will get added to our memory; whenever we see any white coloured flower, our memory insists us to define it as 'lily'.

Pratyaksha can also be divided into another two types:

• Discriminate perception - It is also called 'Savikalpa' - perception of a object by observing its distinguishing features.
• Indiscriminate perception - It is also called 'Nirvikalpa' - perception of a object by not recognizing its distinguishing features.

The remaining pramanas will be explained in the upcoming posts!

NTA UGC NET 2019 General paper one full free notes for teaching aptitude

Unit I - Teaching Aptitude

Teaching - meaning

Teaching is the process of sharing knowledge and information to stimulate the intellectual growth of a person(s). 

Concepts of teaching

Following are the two main concepts of teaching:

• Traditional concept:

       Under this concept, teaching is the process of imparting instructions or information to the learners in a classroom situation. The teacher gives information or shares his knowledge to the learners or students and directs them to learn through memorization and recitation techniques.

• Modern concept:

     Under this concept, teaching is the process in which the teacher, the learner, the curriculum, techniques of teaching, and other variables are organised in a systematic way to achieve the pre-determined goals or objectives. Modern teaching helps learners in developing their critical thinking and analytical thinking skills.

Objectives of teaching

A teacher has to achieve the following objectives of teaching in the teaching session:

• Develop critical and analytical thinking skills.
• Create a friendly and effective learning environment.
• Develop proper course design or content.
• Imparting an adequate knowledge and skills.
• Develop a pedagogical method of teaching to enable effective learning.
• Develop teaching as a ‘teacher-learner' centered activity.
• Develop effective teaching aids and techniques.

Levels of teaching

      Teaching helps the teacher to bring a desirable change in the minds of the learners. Teaching depends on the developmental stages of the learners. Following are the three levels of teaching:

• Memory level 

         It is the lowest level of teaching where the facts, information and laws are imparted or forcibly supplied to the brain of the learners. It is a teacher-centered activity where the teacher presents the learning material or curriculum in an organised way (pre-planned curriculum). It is also called “cognitive teaching”.

• Understanding level

        The teaching at the understanding level is much better and high in quality than at the memory level. The teacher helps the learners to understand the principles and facts and explains to them how these principles can be applied. Understanding level teaching enables both the teacher and the learners to actively participate in developing the curriculum which helps the students to have command over the curriculum. It is also called “teacher-learner” centered activity. It also helps the learners to develop their intellectual thinking or behaviour.

• Reflective level

      It is also called “introspective level of teaching”. It can be attained only after completing the memory level and understanding level. Teaching at the reflective level enables the students to solve the real-life problems based on the knowledge and skills obtained from the teacher. At this level, students have to face a real problematic situation and overcome or solve it using their critical thinking skills. The teacher doesn’t force the learners to acquire knowledge but helps them to develop their capabilities and creative abilities. It is also called “problem-centered teaching”. 

Characteristics of teaching

• Teaching is an art as well as science.
• Teaching is an interactive process.
• Teaching is a social process.
• Teaching brings a desirable change in the behaviour of the learners.
• Teaching develops intellectual skills.
• Teaching is itself a learning process.
• Uses effective instructional materials and aids.
• Teaching is a teacher-learner centered activity.
• Development of active teaching and learning system.
• Development of cooperation among the learners.
• Development of effective and creative classroom communication.
• Understanding students' requirements and hidden talents.

NTA UGC NET 2019 General paper one full free notes for Information and Communication Technology

Unit VIII - Information and Communication Technology(ICT)

General Abbreviations:

• CPU - Central Processing Unit
• OS - Operating System
• CU - Control Unit
• ALU - Arithmetic Logic Unit
• RAM - Random Access Memory
• ROM - Read Only Memory
• CD-Rom - Compact Disk Read Only Memory
• PROM - Programmable Read Only Memory
• EPROM - Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
• EEPROM - Electronically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
• HDD - Hard Disk Drives
• RTOS - Real Time Operating System
• NOS - Network Operating System
• DOS - Distributed Operating System/Disk Operating System
• GUI - Graphical User Interface
• JPEG/JPG - Joint Photographic Experts Group
• MPEG - Moving Pictures Experts Group
• PNG - Portable Network Graphics
• BMP - Bitmap
• GIF - Graphics Interchange Format
• TIFF - Tagged Image File Format
• OMR - Optical Mark Recognition
• OCR - Optical Character Reader
• MICR - Magnetic Ink Character Recognition
• CRT - Cathode Ray Tube 
• LCD - Liquid Crystal Displays
• LED - Light Emitting Diodes
• TFT LCD - Thin Film Transistor Liquid Crystal Display
• CAD - Computer Aided Design
• CAM - Computer Aided Manufacturing
• CAI - Computer Assisted Intruction
• CSS - Cascading Style Sheets
• USB - Universal Serial Bus
• SCSI - Small Computer System Interface
• ASCII - American Standard Code for Information Interchange
• IP - Internet Protocol
• TCP - Transmission Control Protocol
• NCP - National Control Protocol
• HTTP - Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
• HTML - Hyper Text Markup Language
• FTP - File Transfer Protocol
• SLIP - Serial Line Internet Protocol
• DNS - Domain Name System
• DSU - Digital Services Unit
• WWW - World Wide Web
• URL - Uniform Resources Locator
• ISDN - Integrated Services Digital Network
• ISP - Internet Service Provider
• PAN - Personal Area Network
• LAN - Local Area Network
• MAN - Metropolitan Area Network
• WAN - Wide Area Network
• E-mail - Electronic Mail
• CC - Carbon Copy
• BCC - Black Carbon Copy
• DVD - Digital Versatile Disk
• POP - Point of Presence
• ISO - Internet Standards Organization
• NMEICT - National Mission on Education through Information and Communication Technology [Project undertaken by the Ministry of Human Resource Development(MHRD), Government of India]
• EduSAT - Education Satellite